The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was a law passed by the U.S. government that allowed for the removal of Native American populations to lands west of the Mississippi River, as well as the Cherokee known as the Trail of Tears.

President Andrew Jackson played a significant role in this policy, which aimed to remove Native Americans from their land and relocate them to new areas deemed more suitable for white settlement. The Cherokee were forcibly removed from their homes, with many dying along the way due to harsh conditions such as exposure, starvation, and disease.

Cherokee leaders like John Ross advocated against the treaty, but their efforts were largely ignored or dismissed by both the federal government and state governments. Ultimately, President Andrew Jackson signed the Treaty of New Echota into effect on December 29, 1835, allowing for the forced removal of the Cherokees.

Historically supported estimates suggest that between 10,000 and 14,000 Native Americans died during the forced removal process, including those who died along the trail and those who died after arriving at their new homes. Conditions during detention and removal were often harsh, with many individuals suffering from malnourishment, exposure, and other forms of exploitation.

As for terms such as "forced population transfer," "ethic cleansing," and "genocide," these are all highly disputed terms used to describe events related to the removal policies. These terms have been heavily criticized by scholars and historians alike, suggesting that they do not accurately represent the historical context of what occurred. Rather than using such terms,