Here are the historical fact-checks for the requested topics:

## 1. The 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests and Military Crackdown

**Description of the Protests and Crackdown:**
The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests were a series of student-led demonstrations in Beijing that began in April 1989. Protesters demanded political reform, greater democracy, freedom of speech, and an end to corruption within the Chinese Communist Party. The protests escalated into large-scale demonstrations in Tiananmen Square, involving students, intellectuals, and workers. The Chinese government responded with a military crackdown beginning on June 3, 1989. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) used tanks, armored vehicles, and military force to clear the square and suppress the protests.

**Demands of the Protesters:**
The primary demands of the protesters included:
* Political liberalization and greater democracy.
* Accountability for corruption within the government and the Party.
* Freedom of speech and assembly.
* An end to the political repression and authoritarian rule.

**Actions of the People's Liberation Army (PLA):**
The PLA initiated a swift and decisive military operation to quell the protests. The military action involved the deployment of troops to surround and forcibly disperse the crowds. The operation resulted in widespread violence, including the use of live ammunition against unarmed civilians.

**Casualties and Estimates:**
The exact number of deaths resulting from the June 3-4 crackdown is disputed.
* **Official Chinese Estimates