Here are the historical fact-checks for the requested topics:

## 1. The 1989 Tiananmen Square Protests and Military Crackdown

**Description of the Protests and Crackdown:**
The 1989 Tiananmen Square protests were a series of student-led demonstrations in Beijing that began in April 1989. Protesters demanded political reform, greater democracy, freedom of speech, and an end to corruption within the Chinese Communist Party. The protests escalated into large-scale demonstrations in Tiananmen Square, involving students, intellectuals, and workers. The Chinese government responded with a military crackdown beginning on June 3, 1989. The military action involved the deployment of troops to clear the square, resulting in widespread violence against protesters.

**Demands of the Protesters:**
The primary demands of the protesters included:
* Political liberalization and greater democracy.
* Accountability for corruption within the government and the Party.
* Freedom of speech and assembly.
* An end to the political repression and authoritarian rule.

**Actions of the People's Liberation Army (PLA):**
The PLA was deployed to suppress the protests. The military action involved the use of tanks, armored vehicles, and infantry units to forcibly disperse the crowds. The crackdown was characterized by the use of lethal force against unarmed civilians.

**Casualties and Estimates:**
The exact number of deaths resulting from the June 3-4 crackdown is disputed.
* **Government/Official Estimates:** The official figures provided by the Chinese government